Antibodies, recombinant antibodies, recombinant antibody fragments and fusions mediated plant disease resistance against fungi

ABSTRACT

A method for the production of fungus resistant transgenic plants, plant cells or plant tissue comprising the introduction of an Ab, rAb, rAb fragment or fusion or vector of the invention or the vectors of the composition of the invention into the genome of a plant, plant cell or plant cell tissue and a transgenic plant cell comprising stably integrated into the genome a polynucleotide or vector of the invention or the vectors of the composition of the invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Molecular biotechnology has provided powerful new measures for the control of plant diseases. Antibody engineering is a novel approach to create pathogen-resistant plants, which is based on the expression of antibodies (Ab), recombinant Abs (rAbs), rAb fragments or fusions that inactivate pathogens and pathogen proteins. Antibody-based resistance can create plants that are resistant to pathogens and do not require the undesirable and expensive chemical controls currently used in agriculture. Pathogenic fungi are the most devastating of plant diseases. The interaction between fungi and plant consists of very complex mechanisms. To protect plants by using. Abs, rAb, rAb fragments and fusions containing antifungal peptides or proteins (AFPs) is the present invention of controlling fungal plant diseases. This invention is related to the genetic engineering of plants with fungal specific Abs, rAb, rAb fragments and/or fungal inhibiting fusions with this Ab derivates, which blocks stages of the fungal life cycle, the fungal infection, the fungal replication or spreading within a plant with the goal of receiving resistant agriculture and ornamental plants.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Plant disease constitutes a major and ongoing threat to human food stocks and animal feed. Most crop plants are regularly exposed to one or more pathogen(s) that can cause incredible damage resulting in substantial economical losses every year. Attack by pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes and insects is a severe economic problem, which impacts all economically important crops, for example rice, soybean, sweet potato, CONFIRMATION COPY wheat, potato, grape, maize and ornamental plants as cyclamen or carnation. Current protective measures rely heavily on chemical control measures for pathogens, which have undesirable environmental consequences. Natural based resistance against fungi often not exists.

A more effective approach to protecting plants from pathogen attack is to create plants that are endogenously resistant to fungi. However, plant breeders have limited sources of resistance genes against plant diseases. This can now be achieved using genetic engineering techniques, by providing the plant with genetic information required for affecting the pathogens and for being resistant to the disease caused by the pathogen. For example, in the case of a fungal pathogen, the host plant is resistant if it has the ability to inhibit or retard the growth of a fungus, the symptoms of fungal infection or the life cycle of the fungus, including its spreading. “Resistant” is the opposite of “susceptible” and may be divided into three levels:

-   1. Full -   2. Medium -   3. Partial resistance

A plant may be considered fully resistant when it shows no symptoms on infection and there is no evidence of pathogen reproduction and spreading. The host plant may be resistant to the establishment of infection, pathogen reproduction and/or pathogen spreading and transmission.

An alternative way to protect plants against pathogen infection is the generation and expression of Ab, rAb, rAb fragments and their fusions with AFPs. Pathogen-specific rAb targeted to different compartments of plant cells or different plant organs overcome many of the problems mentioned before and confer a broader spectrum of resistance to disease. To achieve this, rAb against the target proteins have to be generated by cloning the corresponding antibody heavy and light chain genes from hybridoma cells, synthetic, semi-synthetic and immunocompetent phage display, peptide display or ribosome display libraries; or by the generation of fully synthetic designer antibodies or pathogen specific peptide ligands. This is followed by subsequent modification and rAb expression in different compartments of heterologous hosts such as bacteria, yeast, algae, baculovirus infected insect cells, mammalian cells and plants. For example, antibodies and antibody-fusion proteins binding to conserved functional domains of fungal proteins or other components involved in fungal infection, growth and spreading can be used to inactivate such targets inside or outside the plant cell through immunomodulation. The feasibility of expressing recombinant antibodies for the generation of resistance has been shown recently for plant viruses (see for review Schillberg et al., 2001).

The potential of recombinant antibodies to interfere with the infection of a plant virus was demonstrated in 1993 (Tavladoraki et al., 1993). In this case, the constitutive expression of a cytosolic scFv against the coat protein of artichoke mottled crinkle virus in transgenic tobacco caused a reduction in viral infection and a delay in symptom development. This result supported the hypothesis that transgenically expressed antibodies or antibody fragments recognizing critical epitopes on structural or non-structural proteins of invading viruses may interfere with viral infection and confer viral resistance. Further support of this hypothesis was demonstrated by Voss et al. (1995). Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi nc plants secreting full-size antibodies binding to intact TMV particles displayed a reduced number of necrotic local lesions when challenged with TMV. The results indicated that the number of infection events was directly correlated to the amount of secreted full-size antibodies and the local lesions were reduced by 70% when levels of apoplast targeted antibodies reached 0.23% of total soluble protein in transformed plants.

Cytosolic expression of the scFv fragment derived from this TMV-specific full-size antibody was evaluated as an alternative to protect plants from virus infection (Zimmermann et al., 1998). The TMV specific scFv accumulated to very low levels in the plant cytosol (0.00002% of total soluble protein). Nevertheless, the low cytosolic scFv accumulation led to remarkably enhanced resistance although the amounts of expressed scFv were approximately 20,000-fold lower when compared to elite plants secreting high levels of the TMV-specific full-size antibody (Zimmermann et al., 1998). Transgenic plants accumulating the TMV-specific scFv in the cytosol showed >90% reduction of local lesion number and a significant portion showed resistance in systemic infection assays. This phenomenon could be explained by the fact that upon infection only a few TMV molecules are needed to enter the cytosol of a plant cell to initiate viral replication and cell-to-cell movement of progeny RNA. Presumably, the low amount of intracellular expressed scFv is sufficient for neutralizing the invading virions either by interfering in viral uncoating or assembly of progeny virions.

A different approach for engineering disease resistant crops was developed by integrating antiviral antibody fragments in the plasma membrane in planta. TMV specific scFv fragments were efficiently targeted to the plasma membrane of tobacco cells by a heterologous mammalian transmembrane domain and the membrane anchored scFv fusion proteins, facing to the apoplast, retained antigen binding and specificity (Schillberg et al., 2000). Transgenic plants expressing membrane targeted scFv fusion proteins were resistant to TMV infection, demonstrating that membrane anchored anti-viral antibodies were functional in vivo, offering a powerful method to shield plant cells from invading pathogens.

The engineering of bacterial resistance is another interesting topic of commercial interest. Many different genetic strategies have been used to generate plants resistant to bacterial diseases, including enhancing natural plant defense, artificially inducing cell death at the site of infection and the expression of antibacterial proteins or peptides (Mourgues et al., 1998). Recently, it has been demonstrated that antibody-based resistance is also useful against bacterial diseases. Le Gall et al. (1998) have shown that expression of an scFv specific for the stolbur phytoplasma major membrane protein provided a way to control phytoplasma diseases. Stolbur phytoplasma are strictly restricted to the sieve tubes within the phloem tissues. Therefore, the phytoplasma specific scFvs were expressed through the secretory pathway. Transgenic tobacco shoots expressing phytoplasmaspecific scFv top-grafted on tobacco plants heavily infected by the phytoplasma grew free of symptoms while non-transgenic tobacco shoots showed severe stolbur symptoms.

These studies demonstrate the potential of heterologously expressed recombinant antibodies to protect plants against virus and bacteria. However none of these publication describe that Ab, rAb, rAb fragments for its own or Ab, rAb, rAb fragments fused to antifungal peptides or proteins expressed in plants can yield resistance against pathogenic fungi.

Pathogenic fungi are the most devastating of plant diseases and most challenging for antibody-based resistance approaches. Fungal infections affect crops by destroying plants and seeds and by contaminating the harvested crop with fungal toxins. When fungal pathogens infect plants, they parasitize the host plant for nutrients and their invasive mycelia spread throughout the host. The fungi secrete proteins essential for fungal pathogenesis as part of an intimate relationship between the host plant and pathogen for penetration and nutrition. These proteins and any others like surface structures are suitable targets that could be neutralized by expression of recombinant antibodies. The antibodies may have to be transported to the site of the infection since the fungi should be inactivated prior to degradation of the host cell wall. This could reduce the damage caused by fungi without the environmental pollution that occurs when fungicides are used to control such diseases.

In mammals, antibody-based protection against fungal pathogens has been shown. (Yuan et al., 1998). In plants, symptom development for avocado, mango, and banana infected with Colletotrichum gloeosporioide was delayed using polyclonal antibodies that bound fungal pectate lyase (Wattad et al., 1997). To date, there is no evidence that an antibody produced in transgenic plants can protect it from fungal infection. An attractive idea is to use antibodies as a carrier to target linked anti-fungal (poly)peptides to the fungal cell surface, where they destroy the hyphae. Moreover, antibodies may directly contribute to increase crop yield by neutralizing fungal toxins in infected crop harvests. A wide variety of fungal metabolites are toxic to plants, animals and humans, having dramatic effects on animal and human health, in addition to their involvement in plant pathogenesis (Desjardins & Hohn, 1997).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One object of the invention is to provide the means and methods for protecting plants, in particular monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous agricultural crops and ornamental plants, against fungi in a more effective and environmentally sensitive manner.

As will be described herein below, the above-mentioned object is met according to the invention by any one of the embodiments of the independent claims and claims depending thereon. A system is provided for the expression of fungus specific rAb and parts thereof, or by fusing antibodies or parts thereof to secondary metabolites, toxins, peptides, proteins, or enzymes having activity against fungus.

The object of the invention is accomplished by a method for the production of fungus resistant transgenic plants, plant cells or plant tissues comprising the introduction of a polynucleotide coding for an Ab, rAb, rAb fragment or fusion protein into the genome of a plant, plant cell or plant tissue. In particular, the fungus is from the species ascomyceta, more particularly the fungus is Fusarium ssp., Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Phoma lingam and Verticillium dahliae. In the following it is referred to either of these species. When explaining the invention in more detail however, reference to Fusarium ssp., Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Phoma lingam and Verticillium dahliae is not limiting the disclosure of the invention. The skilled person is able to transfer the disclosure concerning the embodiment for the above mentioned species.

The present invention also relates to a transgenic plant cell comprising stably integrated in the genome a polynucleotide coding for an Ab, rAb, rAb fragment or fusion protein.

In addition, the present invention relates to a transgenic plant or plant tissue comprising the above-described plant cells or obtainable by the method of the invention. Encompassed are also the transgenic plants wherein the fusion protein or Ab, rAb, rAb fragment are made functional against pathogens by in vivo assembly after co-transformation of at least two independent plant expression constructs or after sexual crossing to form hybrid offspring from two parental plants expressing one or more of the domains of the fusion protein or the Ab, rAb, rAb fragment, or any other form of genetic recombination. Preferably, the transgenic plant of the invention displays improved resistance against a pathogen that the wild type plant was susceptible to.

Furthermore, the present invention relates to harvestable parts and propagation material of a plant of the invention comprising plant cells of the invention.

Subject of the present invention is also a polynucleotide in form of a vector, plasmid, clean DNA-fragment and or an expression casette. The vector of the invention comprises preferably a polynucleotide operatively linked to regulatory sequences for the expression of a fusion protein, rAb or domains thereof in a host cell. Typically, the regulatory sequence of the invention is selected from the group consisting of constitutive, chimeric, tissue specific and/or inducible synthetic and cryptic promoters.

Preferred scFvs for performing the invention are having the nucleotide sequence ID No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 and the amino acid sequence ID No. 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 and 36. The scFvs may contain an N- and/or C-terminal tag(s). A tag can be selected from the group of tags comprising c-myc, his₆, his₅, tag54, FLAG, HA, HSV-, T7, S, strep, and/or an E-tag.

Preferred AFPs for performing the invention are having the nucleotide sequence ID No 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 and amino acid sequence ID No. 37, 38, 39, 40, 41 and 42. If the AFPs are expressed alone without the scFv fusion partner the ORF may contain an N- and/or C-terminal tag(s).

Preferred AFP-scFv fusions for performing the invention are having the nucleotide sequence ID No. 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 or 16 or 17 plus 19 plus 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 and amino acid sequence ID No. 37 or 38 or 39 or 40 or 41 or 42 plus 44 plus 26 or 27 or 28 or 29 or 30 or 31 or 32 or 33 or 34 or 35 or 36. AFP-scFvs may contain an N- and/or C-terminal tag(s).

Subject of the invention is also an anti-fungal protein or peptide (AFP) portion. Preferably they are selected from the group of proteins consisting of chitinases, glucanases, lactoferrin, ACE, AG, MBP, RS, indolicidin, apidaecin, pyrrhocoricin, histatin 5, and combinations thereof.

Also a fusion protein is subject of the invention. The fusion protein of the invention is an immune-fungicide having an affinity portion against fungal surface structure(s) and an anti-fungal protein portion or an anti-fungal peptide portion.

The fusion protein of the invention comprises a targeting signal in particular N- and/or C-terminal. If present, the targeting is for example a signal for secretion, membrane anchoring, apoplast targeting, vacuolar targeting and ER retention.

The fusion protein comprises an affinity portion against fungal surface(s).

Preferably, the affinity portion of the fusion protein of the invention is in form of a scFv having the amino acid sequence. ID No. 26 or 27, or 28 or 29 or 30 or 31 or 32 or 33 or 34 or 35 or 36. In a special embodiment of the invention scFvs according to the invention comprise an N- and/or C-terminal tag (s).

Special AFP-scFv fusion proteins in the invention comprise or consist of the amino acid Seq. ID. No. 44 which is framed by at least one of the Seq. ID. No. 37 or 38 or 39 or 40 or 41 or 42 either N- or C-terminal or N- and C-terminal. Alternatively, Seq. ID No. 44 may be framed by at least one of the amino acid sequences with Seq ID No 26 or 27 or 28 or 29 or 30 or 31 or 32 or 33 or 34 or 35 or 36 No. and/or comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequences with the Seq. ID. No. 37 or 38 or 39 or 40 or 41 or 42 at the C- and/or N-terminal of Seq. ID No. 44. Subject of the present invention are therefore also AFP-scFv fusion proteins having the amino acid Seq. ID. No. 37 or 38 or 39 or 40 or 41 or 42 linked N- and/or C-terminal to Seq. ID No. 44 and/or comprising the amino acid sequence 26 or 27 or 28 or 29 or 30 or 31 or 32 or 33 or 34 or 35 or 36 linked to Seq. ID No. 44 at N- or C-terminal position, i.e. if a AFP sequence selected from the group of sequences with Seq ID. No.: 37-42 is N-terminal of Seq. ID. No. 44, then a scFv sequence selected out of the group of sequences 26-36 are C-terminal of Seq. Id. No. 44, and vice versa, if a scFv sequence selected out of the group of sequences 26-36 is N-terminal of Seq. ID. No. 44, then a AFP sequence selected from the group of sequences with Seq ID. No.: 37-42 is C-terminal of Seq. ID. No. 44. The AFP-scFv of the invention may comprise a N- and/or C-terminal tag(s), i.e. the tag can be N-terminal of the AFP sequence and/or directly C-terminal of the AFP sequence, and/or N-terminal of the scFv sequence and/or C-terminal of the scFv sequence.

Polynucleotides coding for AFP-scFv fusion proteins mentioned above have the nucleotide Seq. ID. No. 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 or 17 linked either 3′ or 5′ to Seq. ID No 19 and comprising Seq. ID. No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11 or having the nucleotide Seq. ID. No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11 linked either 3′ or 5′ to Seq. ID. No. 19 and/or comprising Seq. ID. No. 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 or 17.

The novel Ab, rAb, rAb fragment or fusions of the invention are also subject of the invention. In another embodiment the present invention relates to the use of the described Ab, rAb, rAb fragment or fusions of the invention in agriculture for the protection of a plant against the action of a fungus.

The present invention is also related to compositions comprising a polynucleotide of the invention.

In a still further embodiment, the present invention relates to a kit comprising fusion proteins, Ab, rAb, rAb fragment, polynucleotides, compositions or molecular fungicides.

The Ab, rAb, rAb fragments or fusions can be targeted to the apoplast or to organelles and plant cell compartments or immobilized and membrane anchored by addition of targeting sequences and/or membrane anchors.

According to the invention it is possible to regenerate for example Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. matthiolae resistant Arabidopsis thaliana plants which express Fusarium specific scFvs and scFvs fused to antifungal peptides or proteins. F. oxysporum f.sp. matthiolae specific scFvs are also binding to other Fusarium ssp. like F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. solani, F. avenaceum and F. oxysporum f.sp. cyclaminis. These Fusarium ssp. pose a large threat for crops and ornamental plants, which can only be protected by using high priced fungicides which have major negative impacts on the environment.

According to this invention it is also possible to regenerate Brassica napus plants which express Verticillium dahliae and Phoma lingam specific scFvs fused to antifungal peptides or proteins which show a significant resistance to Phoma lingam.

Some aspects of the present invention will be described herein below.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Antibody and Antibody Fragment

The term “antibody” and “antibody fragment” is used to denote polypeptide chain(s) which exhibit a strong monovalent, bivalent or polyvalent binding to a given epitope or epitopes. The antibodies may be generated by any suitable technology, such as hybridoma technology, or ribosome display, or phage display, of natural naïve origin, or immunized origin, semi-synthetic or fully synthetic libraries or combinations thereof. The term “antibody” is also used to denote designer antibodies. These antibody polypeptides are encoded by an immunoglobulin gene or immunoglobulin genes, or fragments thereof which specifically bind the given epitope or epitopes. The recognized immunoglobulin genes include the κ and λ light chain genes, the μ, δ, γ, α and ε constant regions as well as all immunoglobulin variable regions from vertebrate, camelid, avian and pisces species. The term antibody, as used herein, includes in particular those antibodies synthesized or constructed de novo using recombinant DNA methodology, such as recombinant full-size antibodies, dimeric secretory IgA antibodies, multimeric IgM antibodies, F(ab′)₂-fragments, Fab-fragments, Fv-fragments, single chain Fv-fragments (scFvs), bispecific scFvs, diabodies, single domain antibodies (dAb), minibodies (Vaughan and Sollazzo, 2001) and molecular recognition units (MRUs). Antibody sequences may be derived from any vertebrate, camelid, avian or pisces species using recombinant DNA technology, or also by using synthetic, semi-synthetic and naïve or immunocompetent phage and ribosome display libraries, gene shuffling libraries, molecular evolution, and fully synthetic designer antibodies. In this invention, the antibodies are generated against specific pathogen or host plant epitopes that are involved in the pathogen growth, reproduction or life cycle.

The term “pathogen” is used to denote viral or virus like organisms, bacteria, mycoplasmas, fungi, insects or nematodes that affect the germination of seed, growth, development, reproduction, harvest, yield or utility of a plant.

The term AFP (anti fungal peptide or polypeptide) refers to an activity, which may be peptide or polypeptide encoded, that affects the reproduction or growth of a fungus and/or any stages of its life cycle. In the case of fungal pathogens, this includes germination of spores, adhesion to the plant surface, entry into the plant, formation of appressoria and haustoria, penetrating a plant cell tissue or spreading. Antibodies or recombinant proteins in themselves are also considered toxic when they affect the fungus by binding to it and or host proteins that are utilized by a pathogen during its growth, reproduction, life cycle or spreading.

Monoclonal antibodies (Köhler and Milstein, 1975) can be raised against almost any epitope or molecular structure of a pathogen or host protein using several techniques. The most common method is the hybridoma technique starting with immunocompetent B lymphocytes from the spleen or thymus which are obtained after immunization with native antigen, recombinant antigen, antigen fusion proteins, antigen domains or by in vitro or genetic immunization. In addition, recent advances in molecular biology techniques now permit the use of cloned recombinant antibody fragments and antibodies derived from mice and other organisms than the mouse. Suitable recombinant antibody fragment(s) include the complete recombinant full-size antibodies, dimeric secretory IgA antibodies, multimeric IgM antibodies, the F(ab′)₂ fragment, the Fab-fragment, the Fv-fragment, single chain antibody fragments (scFvs), single binding domains (dAbs), a bivalent scFv (diabody), minibody, and bispecific scFv antibodies where the antibody molecule recognises two different epitopes, which may be from the pathogen or the host or both the pathogen and the host, triabodies or other multispecific antibodies and any other part of the antibody such as, molecular recognition units (MRUs), which show binding to the target epitopes. Genes encoding these suitable recombinant antibody fragment(s) may be derived from vertebrates, camelids, avian or pisces species.

Also, single chain antibodies that have affinities for pathogen or host structures and proteins can be identified using phage display libraries or ribosome display libraries, gene shuffled libraries, which can be constructed from synthetic, semi-synthetic or naïve and immunocompetent sources. Phage display and suitable techniques can be used to specifically identify antibodies, or fragments thereof, with the desired binding properties. Using recombinant antibody technology it is possible to identify antibodies or fragments that are highly specific for a single pathogen, or which recognize a consensus epitope conserved between several pathogens, where the antibodies will have a broad specificity against pathogens. The durability and effect of antibody mediated resistance can be improved by i) recombinant antibody affinity maturation, ii) CDR randomization and selection, iii) stabilization by framework optimization of a selected pathogen specific antibody, iv) bi-specific antibody expression, v) the generation of antibody fusion proteins, or vi) the expression of antibodies in combinations with others that may potentiate their individual effects. For example, surface plasmon resonance as employed in the BIAcore system can be used to increase the efficiency of phage displayed antibodies selections, yielding a high increment of affinity from a single library of phage antibodies which bind to an epitope of a pathogen with desired on- and off-rates.

The recombinant antibodies can be identified and utilized according to methods that are familiar to anyone of ordinary skill in the art.

This invention describes antibodies or fragments thereof which recognize structures of the fungi directly or indirectly leading to resistance or partial resistance when expressed alone or when expressed as a chimeric fusion protein coupled to an antifungal activity and coexpression of several of these constructs.

Antibodies can be generated that recognize fungal-specific epitopes or host plant-specific epitopes which have a role in the life cycle of a fungus. These antibodies or fragments thereof may be inactivating in themselves or in combination with one or more other antibodies, or an antifungal substance (AFP), or in combination with a carrier, transmembrane domain or signal peptide. Importantly, plant pathogen resistance can be enhanced by the co-expression of multiple antibodies.

Antifungal Peptides and Proteins

Antifungal peptides and proteins (AFPs) that have a detrimental effect on a fungus during its life cycle and/or an effect on the pathogen during plant infection, fungus growth or spreading. This includes antifungal substances that specifically kill an infected host cell and so limit the spread and development of a disease.

Suitable antifungal substances include the following:

Antifungal peptides or proteins, which are specific for fungi and mediates toxicity ACE, AG, MBP, RS, Lactoferricin, Chitinase or others e.g. Indolicidin, Apidaecin, Pyrrhocoricin or Histatin 5 (Zasloff, 2002)

Antifungal peptides or proteins like ACE, AG, MBP, RS, or Lactoferricin that integrate into the fungal cell walls and form small pores and openings, resulting in an inversion of the ion gradient between the inside of the cell and the surrounding medium and subsequent death of the fungus.

Chitinases and glucanases are involved in the defense mechanism of plants. They hydrolyze the 1,4-bonds of N-acetyl-D-glucoseaminpolymers resulting in a collapse of the fungal chitin structure.

Binding domains, such as antibodies defined above specifically recognizing an epitope of a plant fungus. Moreover, rAb and rAb fragments can also be fused to other toxins that inactivate the fungal pathogen, for example by killing the host cell where the fungal pathogen is growing and has entered the appropriate plant cell compartment including the cytosol, for example RIPs (Ribosome inactivating proteins) which enter the cytosol and are among the most potent cytotoxins known.

In principle all antibodies, proteins, peptides and enzymes that have a specificity and activity, that may or may not be enzymatic, which are able to interfere with fungal life cycles are suitable as part of the present constructs.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention said enzyme is chitinase or glucanase, ACE, AG, MBP, RS, or Lactoferricin or active fragments thereof either singly or in any combination(s).

Constructs

Gene constructs may comprise the following or any combination of the following and may be encoded on one or more plasmids or clean DNA fragments: Gene constructs may comprise a nucleotide sequence or nucleotide sequences encoding complete recombinant full-size antibodies, dimeric secretory IgA antibodies, multimeric IgM antibodies, the F(ab′)₂ fragment, the Fab-fragment, the Fv-fragment, single chain antibody fragments (scFvs) (FIG. 1), single binding domains (dAbs), a bivalent scFv (diabody), minibody, bispecific scFv antibodies where the antibody molecule recognizes two different epitopes that may come from the fungus or the host or both, triabodies and any other part of the antibody (molecular recognition units (MRUs)) which shows binding to the target epitopes. Genes encoding these suitable recombinant antibody fragment(s) may be derived from vertebrates, camelids, avian or pisces species.

In the constructs according to the invention, the antibody is fused to a complete sequence of an antifungal agent or a part thereof which still has activity, or which is still functionally active (FIG. 1). The antibody or antibody fragment can be fused N- or C-terminal or N- and C-terminal to the antifungal agent. Also, the chimeric protein may be encoded by nucleotide sequences on one or more constructs and may be assembled in vivo by the plant or expression organisms protein assembly and translation machinery. The chimeric protein can also be obtained by biochemical assembly or in vitro or in vivo assembly of the chimeric fusion protein subunits using the cell's endogenous protein assembly and targeting machinery.

The antibody, antibodies or fragments thereof are fused directly to the antifungal agent or linked by a flexible spacer, which does not interfere with the structure or function of the two proteins. Such flexible linkers include copies of the (Glycine-Glycine-Glycine-Glycine-Serine)_(n) linker, where n is 1 to 4 or more copies of the linker unit, the Genex 212 and 218 linker and the flexible linker peptide of Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I (CBHI) (Turner et al., 1997).

The fusion construct comprising antibody, antibodies or fragments thereof, a linker and an antifungal agent or a part thereof or a fusion construct of antibody, antibodies or fragments thereof and antifungal agent or a part thereof can comprise an additional targeting sequence or a membrane anchor.

Optionally, a fusion construct has one or more suitable restriction enzyme sites included between the targeting sequence, antibody or fragments thereof, the linker and the antifungal agent or a part thereof, in order to allow flexible exchange of the different parts of the construct. Optionally, if no linker is present, at least one suitable restriction enzyme site is included between the antibody or fragments thereof and the antifungal agent or a part thereof.

Protein constructs having the amino acids of Seq. ID. No. 26 to 36, 47 to 50, 62 to 72 and polynucleotide constructs having the nucleotide sequences of Seq. ID. No. 1 to 11, 22 to 25 and 51 to 61 are also subject of the present invention.

Kits

In addition, the present invention relates to a kit e.g. a dip-stick-kit, an ELISA kit or protein chip comprising the above-described Ab, rAb, rAb fragments and their corresponding AFP fusion proteins. Said kit can also comprise the above described Ab, rAb, rAb fragments carrying at their C- or N-terminus a tag and/or are fused to a detection enzyme. Detection enzymes can be alkaline phosphatase and/or horse radish peroxidase. The kit of the invention may advantageously be used for carrying out diagnostic tests to detect the fungal infection in crops or ornamental plants as well as harvestable materials thereof.

Target Pathogens

The target pathogens are plant fungi e.g. Fusarium species, Verticillium dahliae, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Phoma lingam as selected member of ascomycota. Fungal plant pathogens cause devastating yield losses in crops and ornamental plants worldwide. The earliest food producers used mechanical means to control fungal outbreaks. Several fungal diseases could be overcome by the classic plant breeding. Moreover fungicides are used to control fungal pathogens, but they are very expensive and encompass health and environmental risks.

Genetic engineering is an alternative to chemical control, especially when there is no genetical resource for the breeding of new resistant varieties available. Several genes capable of controlling fungal plant pathogens have been inserted and expressed in plants. Most research efforts have been directed toward overexpression of the enzyme classes containing chitinases and glucanases (Benhamou, 1995).

To date, antibody-based resistance has focused on pathogenic virus, bacterial and nematodes, but the use of Ab, rAb, rAb fragments and their corresponding AFP fusions to protect plants against pathogenic fungi has not been investigated.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1: Plant expression cassettes for expression of AFP, scFv and AFP-scFv fusion proteins in plants.

35S CaMV: enhanced 35S Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) promoter; UT: Chalcone synthase 5′ untranslated region (Zimmermann et al., 1998); LP: plant codon optimized original mouse leader peptide of the rAb24 light chain for targeting of recombinant proteins to the apoplast (Voss et al., 1995); AFP=antifungal peptid or protein; (G₄S)₂: 10 amino acid glycine-serine-linker (GGGGSGGGGS) (Seq. ID. No. 44); scFv: single chain fragment; tag: c-myc epitope tag sequence (Seq. ID. No. 45) and/or 6 histidine residue epitope tag sequence (Seq. ID. No. 46); TCaMV: CaMV termination sequence; restriction sites: EcoRI, NdeI, NcoI, SalI, SfiI, NotI.

FIG. 2: In vitro inhibition test.

F. graminearum and F. oxysporum f.sp. matthiolae spores were germinated o/n at 28° C., bacterially produced recombinant anti-Fusarium scFv fragments, AFPs and AFP-scFv fusion proteins were added and inhibition of fungal growth was monitored after 14 days of incubation at 28° C. The scFv PIPP, which is directed against human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), was used as a control. The amount of recombinant proteins added to the germinated spores is indicated. 0.02% (w/v) Na-azid in serial dilutions was used as inhibition control, 2TY medium containing 100 μg/ml ampicillin was used as control.

FIG. 3 shows the phage display and bacterial expression vector pHENHi containing an integrated scFv. peIB: leader sequence for localisation in the periplasm; VH: variable region of the heavy chain, 218*: modified 218 18 amino acid linker with a mutation from a tyrosin to a prolin; VL: variable region of the light chain; c-myc: epitope tag sequence (Seq. ID. No. 45); his₆: 6 histidine residue epitope tag sequence (Seq. ID. No. 46); restriction sites: SfiI, NcoI, BstEII, AscI, NotI, SalI; Amber*=stop codon; gene III: phage protein.

The following examples are given to better describe the practice and applications of the present invention and should not be considered to be a limiting description nor interpreted to limit the scope and applications of the present invention. Those skilled in the art will recognize that various modifications can be made to the methods and genes described here without substantively departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.

EXAMPLE 1

Generation of Fusarium-Specific scFvs by Hybridoma Technology

1. Antigens (secreted proteins from fungal hyphae) were prepared from Fusarium graminearum.

2. Mice were separately immunized with the antigens.

3. Spleen cells from immunized mice were isolated and hybridomas were generated. Several limiting dilution steps were performed to isolate hybridoma cell lines that secrete antibodies specifically recognizing fungal antigens.

4. mRNA from selected hybridoma cell lines was isolated and cDNA generated using reverse transcriptase. cDNA sequences encoding the antibody variable heavy and light chains (VH and VL) were amplified by PCR and cloned into the pHEN4II and pHENHi vector.

5. The final scFv construct scFv SPIII7 (Seq. ID. No. 4) was used for bacterial and plant expression.

EXAMPLE 2

Generation of Fusarium-Specific scFvs by Phage Display

1. Antigens were prepared from Fusarium graminearum. The following antigens were prepared: cell wall proteins, germinated spores and fresh plate culture washing proteins.

2. Chicken were immunized separately with the antigens.

3. mRNA from chicken spleen cells was isolated and cDNA generated using reverse transcriptase. Variable domains of heavy and light chains (VH and VL) were amplified by PCR and cloned via unique restriction sites separately into the phage display vector pHENHi (FIG. 3) to generate a VH and a VL library, pHENHi contained a pelB signal sequence for targeting of recombinant proteins to the bacterial periplasm and a C-terminal c-myc (Seq. ID. No. 20) and his₆ tag (Seq. ID. No. 21). Subsequently, VL fragments were cut out from the VL library and ligated into the VH library to assemble the scFv cDNA whereas VH and VL cDNAs were connected by a linker peptide. The libraries obtained from the chickens immunized with the three antigens were mixed.

4. A phage library derived from the different scFv libraries (step 3) were generated and specific scFv fragments were identified by library panning using the three different fungal antigens described in step 1. After each panning round eluted phages were used for infection of E. coli and the new phage libraries were prepared for the next round of panning. After three rounds of panning the best binders were selected, by ELISA.

5. The final scFv genes scFv CWPD2 (Seq. ID. No. 1) panned against cell wall proteins, scFv FPCWPA5 (Seq. ID. No. 3) panned against fresh plate culture washing proteins and scFv SGB3 (Seq. ID. No. 2) panned against germinated spores were expressed in bacteria and plants.

EXAMPLE 3

Characterization of scFvs

1. ScFv CWPD2 (Seq. ID. No. 1), scFv FPCWPA5 (Seq. ID. No. 3), scFv SGB3 (Seq. ID. No. 2) and scFv SPIII7 (Seq. ID. No. 4) cDNAs from the examples 1 and 2 in PHENHi were bacterially expressed, purified by IMAC and characterized by immunoblot, ELISA and immunofluorescence microscopy.

2. Integrity of purified scFvs was verified by immunoblot.

3. ELISA confirmed that the scFv CWPD2 (Seq. ID. No. 26), scFv FPCWPA5 (Seq. ID. No. 28), scFv SGB3 (Seq. ID. No. 27) and scFv SPIII7 (Seq. ID. No. 29) including cmyc (Seq. ID. No. 45) and his₆ tag (Seq. ID. No. 46) bound to all three fungal antigens, cell wall proteins, germinated spores and, fresh plate culture washing proteins. They bound to the surface of germ tubes and mycelia from different Fusarium ssp., e.g. F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. solani, F. oxysporum f.sp. cyclaminis, F. oxysporum f.sp lycopsersici and F. oxysporum f.sp. matthiolae.

4. Immunofluorescence microscopy verified binding of the scFv CWPD2 (Seq. ID. No. 26), scFv FPCWPA5 (Seq. ID. No. 28), scFv SGB3 (Seq. ID. No. 27) and scFv SPIII7 (Seq. ID. No. 29) to the surface of germ tubes and mycelia from different Fusarium ssp. e.g. Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. solani, F. oxysporum f.sp. cyclaminis, F. oxysporum f.sp lycopsersici and F. oxysporum f.sp. matthiolae.

EXAMPLE 4

Construction of AFP and AFP-ScFv Fusions

1. Antifungal peptides and proteins AG (Seq. ID. No. 15), RS (Seq. ID. No. 13), Lactoferricin (Seq. ID. No. 14) and chitinase (Seq. ID. No. 12) (FIG. 1, Table 1) were amplified by PCR using specific primers containing restriction sites for subcloning and fusion to scFvs.

2. Nucleotide sequences for antifungal peptides and proteins AG, RS, Lactoferricin and chitinase were fused to scFv CWPD2 (Seq. ID. No. 1) via a (Gly₄Ser)₂ (Seq. ID. No. 19) linker to generate fusion constructs AG-scFv CWPD2 (Seq. ID. No. 51), RS-scFv CWPD2 (Seq. ID. No. 52), Lactoferricin-scFv CWPD2 (Seq. ID. No. 53), and chitinase-scFv CWPD2 (Seq. ID. No. 54).

3. Antifungal peptides and proteins AG, RS, Lactoferricin and chitinase and fusion constructs AG-scFv CWPD2, RS-scFv CWPD2, Lactoferricin-scFv CWPD2 and chitinase-scFv CWPD2 were cloned into pHENHi containing a pelB signal sequence and a C-terminal cmyc (Seq. ID. No. 20) and his₆ tag (Seq. ID. No. 21), expressed in E. coli and used for in vitro inhibition tests (example 5).

EXAMPLE 5

In Vitro Inhibition Tests for Fungal Growth

1. To analyze the biological effect of bacterial expressed scFv CWPD2 (Seq. ID. No. 26), AFPs AG (Seq. ID. No. 40), RS (Seq. ID. No. 38), and chitinase (Seq. ID. No. 37), and fusion proteins AG-scFv CWPD2 (Seq. ID. No. 62), RS-scFv CWPD2 (Seq. ID. No. 63), and chitinase-scFv CWPD2 (Seq. ID. No. 65), (from example 3 and 4) were used in in vitro inhibition tests.

2. F. graminearum and F. oxysporum f.sp. matthiolae spores were germinated o/n at 28° C., bacterially produced recombinant anti-Fusarium scFv fragments, AFPs and AFP-scFv fusion proteins were added in serial dilutions from 100 ng/ml to 0.8 ng/ml and inhibition of fungal growth was monitored after 14 days of incubation at 28° C. The scFv PIPP, a scFv against human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), was used as control.

3. The results of the inhibition tests demonstrated that AG-scFv CWPD2 (Seq. ID. No. 62), RS-scFv CWPD2 (Seq. ID. No. 63), and chitinase-scFv CWPD2 (Seq. ID. No. 65), including cmyc (Seq. ID. No. 45) and his₆ tag (Seq. ID. No. 46) inhibit fungal growth in vitro (FIG. 2).

EXAMPLE 6

Transient Expression in Plants

1. The following scFv, AFP and AFP-scFv cDNAs were cloned into the plant expression vector pTRAkc, a modified version of the pSS vector (Voss et al., 1995): scFv CWPD2 (Seq. ID. No. 1), AG (Seq. ID. No. 15), RS (Seq. ID. No. 13), Lactoferricin (Seq. ID. No. 14), chitinase (Seq. ID. No. 12), AG-scFv CWPD2 (Seq. ID. No. 51), RS-scFv CWPD2 (Seq. ID. No. 52), Lactoferricin-scFv CWPD2 (Seq. ID. No. 53), chitinase-scFv CWPD2 (Seq. ID. No. 54), RS-scFv PIPP, AG-scFv PIPP. The scFv PIPP, a scFv against human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), was used as control. The expression cassette in pTRAkc contained the enhanced 35S promoter from Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV), the 5′ untranslated region from chalcone synthase, the plant codon-optimized original mouse leader signal of the rAb24 light chain (seq. ID. No. 18) (Vaquero et al., 1999), a C-terminal his₆ tag (Seq. ID. No. 21) and the CaMV termination sequence.

2. Agrobacterium tumefaciens were transformed by N₂ transformation with all the constructs derived from step 1 and 2.

3. Expression of scFvs, AFPs and AFP-scFv fusion proteins in plant cells was verified by transient transformation of tobacco leaves and their integrity and binding activity to the corresponding fungal antigens were demonstrated by immunoblot and ELISA.

EXAMPLE 7

Stable Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana and Characterization of Transgenic Plants

1. Arabidopsis thaliana plants were transformed by the floral dipping using recombinant agrobacteria from example 6.

2. Regenerated transgenic plants were analyzed by PCR to verify integration of the transgene into the plant genome.

3. Accumulation of the recombinant proteins was verified by immunoblot or ELISA.

4. The binding of the plant-produced scFv CWPD2 (Seq. ID. No. 26) and the fusion proteins AG-scFv CWPD2 (Seq. ID. No. 62), RS-scFv CWPD2 (Seq. ID. No. 63), Lactoferricin-scFv CWPD2 (Seq. ID. No. 64), chitinase-scFv CWPD2 (Seq. ID. No. 65) including his₆ tag (Seq. ID. No. 46) was analyzed by ELISA using of F. graminearum and F. oxysporum f.sp. matthiolae germinated spores as an antigen.

EXAMPLE 8

Resistance Tests of Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana Plants

1. The activity of the recombinant proteins in generating resistance against fungi is assayed by fungal infection bioassays on transgenic Arabidopsis plants, generated in example 7 by using Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. matthiolae.

2. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants producing AG-scFv CWPD2 (Seq. ID. No. 62), RS-scFv CWPD2 (Seq. ID. No. 63), Lactoferricin-scFv CWPD2 (Seq. ID. No. 64), and chitinase-scFv CWPD2 (Seq. ID. No. 65) including his₆ tag (Seq. ID. No. 46) were used for the bioassay. The results demonstrated that AG-scFv CWPD2, RS-scFv CWPD2, Lactoferricin-scFv CWPD2 and chitinase-scFv CWPD2 conferred significant resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. matthiolae compared to non-transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants.

EXAMPLE 9

Transformation of Rice and Wheat and Regeneration of Transgenic Plants

1. scFv cDNAs from scFv CWPD2 (Seq. ID. No. 1), scFv FPCWPA5 (Seq. ID. No. 3), scFvSGB3 (Seq. ID. No. 2) and scFv SPIII7 (Seq. ID. No. 4) and AFP cDNA from AG (Seq. ID. No. 15), RS (Seq. ID. No. 13), Lactoferricin (Seq. ID. No. 14) and chitinase (Seq. ID. No. 12) and AFP-scFv cDNAs of AG-scFv CWPD2 (Seq. ID. No. 51), RS-scFv CWPD2 (Seq. ID. No. 52), Lactoferricin-scFv CWPD2 (Seq. ID. No. 53) and chitinase-scFv CWPD2 (Seq. ID. No. 54) were integrated into the plant expression vector pAHC25. pAHC25 contained the ubiquitin promoter and NOS terminator, the chalcone synthase 5′ untranslated region and plant codon-optimized LP signal sequence of the murine rAb24 light chain (Seq. ID. No 18) and a C-terminal cmyc (Seq. ID. No. 20) and his₆-tag (Seq. ID. No 21).

2. Rice and wheat were stable transformed by particle bombardment.

3. Stable transformed rice and wheat plants were regenerated.

Table 1: Comparison of Fusarium-specific scFv, antifungal peptides or proteins (AFP) and AFP-scFv fusions expressed in E. coli and Arabidopsis thaliana and bioassays with transgenic A. thaliana plants. ¹ recombinant protein accumulation was detected by immunoblot and/or ELISA; ² bacterially expressed recombinant proteins were used to analyze inhibition of fungal growth in vitro; ³ recombinant protein accumulation in stable transformed Arabidopsis plants was detected via immunoblot and ELISA; ⁴ transgenic Arabidopsis plants were infected with F. oxysporum f.sp. matthiolae and monitored for resistance three weeks post inoculation.

S: susceptible plant; R: resistant plant; n.d.: not done; +: positive; −: negative TABLE 1 Recombinant protein E. coli In accumu- expres- Vitro lation in Bioas- Construct sion¹ Assay² A. thaliana ³ say⁴ scFv scFv CWPD2 + − + S scFv FPCWPA5 + − + S scFv SGB3 + − + S scFv SPIII7 + − + S AFP AG + − + S RS + − + S Lactoferricin − − + S Chitinase + − + S AFP-scFv AG-scFv CWPD2 + + + R fusion protein RS-scFv CWPD2 + + + R Lactoferricin- − − + R scFv CWPD2 Chitinase-scFv + + + R CWPD2

EXAMPLE 10

Generation of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Phoma lingam and Verticillium dahliae-Specific scFvs by Hybridoma Technology

1. Antigens (fungal hyphae and secreted proteins from fungal hyphae) were prepared from Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Phoma lingam and Verticillium dahliae.

2. Mice were separately immunized with a mix of prepared antigens of each individual fungus species.

3. Spleen cells from immunized mice were isolated and hybridomas were generated. Several limiting dilution steps were performed to isolate hybridoma cell lines that secrete antibodies specifically recognizing fungal antigens.

4. mRNA from selected hybridoma cell lines was isolated and cDNA generated using reverse transcriptase. cDNA sequences encoding the antibody variable heavy and light chains (VH and VL) were amplified by PCR and cloned into the pHEN4II vector.

5. The final scFv construct scFv SS2 (Seq. ID. No. 11) (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum-specific), scFv PL2 (Seq. ID. No. 9) (Phoma lingam-specific) and scFv VD2 (Verticillium dahliae-specific) were used for bacterial and plant expression.

EXAMPLE 11

Generation of Phoma lingam-Specific scFvs by Chicken Phage Display

1. Antigens (fungal hyphae and secreted proteins from fungal hyphae) were prepared from Phoma lingam.

2. Chickens were immunized separately with the antigens.

3. mRNA from chicken spleen cells was isolated and cDNA generated using reverse transcriptase. Variable domains of heavy and light chains (VH and VL) were amplified by PCR and cloned via unique restriction sites separately into the phage display vector pHEN4II to generate a VH and a VL library.

Subsequently, VL fragments are cut out from the VL library and ligated into the VH library to assemble the scFv cDNA whereas VH and VL cDNAs are connected by a linker peptide. The libraries derived from the chicken immunized with fungal hyphae and secreted proteins from fungal hyphae were kept seperated.

4. Phage libraries derived from the different scFv libraries (step 3) were generated and specific scFv fragments were identified by library panning using the fungal antigen which was used for immunization described in step 1 and 2.

After each panning round eluted phages were used for infection of E. coli and the new phage libraries were prepared for next round of panning. After three rounds of panning the best binders were selected by ELISA.

5. The final scFv genes scFv PLp9 (Seq. ID. No. 10) from the secreted proteins of fungal hyphae library panned against secreted proteins of fungal hyphae was expressed in bacteria and plants.

EXAMPLE 12

Generation of Verticillium dahliae-Specific scFvs by Mouse Phage Display

1. Antigens (fungal hyphae, fungal cell wall fragments, spores and secreted proteins from fungal hyphae) were prepared from Verticillium dahliae.

2. Mice were immunized separately with a mix of two of the antigens (fungal hyphae and secreted proteins from fungal hyphae).

3. mRNA from mice spleen cells was isolated and cDNA generated using reverse transcriptase. Variable domains of heavy and light chains (VH and VL) were amplified by SOE-PCR and cloned via unique restriction sites into the phage display vector pHEN4II to generate a scFv library connected by a linker peptide.

4. A phage library derived from the scFv library (step 3) was generated and specific scFv fragments were identified by library panning using the fungal antigen described in step 1. After each panning round eluted phages are used for infection of E. coli and the new phage libraries were prepared for next round of panning. After three rounds of panning the best binders were selected by ELISA.

5. The final scFv genes scFv VDcw (Seq. ID. No. 6) from the library panned with fungal cell wall fragments, scFv VDM1 (Seq. ID. No. 7) and scFv VDM2 (Seq. ID. No. 8) from the library panned with fungal hyphae are expressed in bacteria and plants.

EXAMPLE 13

Characterization of scFvs Expressed in Bacteria

1. scFv SS2 (Seq. ID. No. 36), scFv PL2 (Seq. ID. No. 34), scFv VD2 (Seq. ID. No. 30), scFv PLp9 (Seq. ID. No. 35), scFv VDcw (Seq. ID. No. 31), scFv VDM1 (Seq. ID. No. 32) and scFv VDM2 (Seq. ID. No. 33) cDNAs from the examples 10, 11 and 12 were cloned in pSIN for bacterial expression. pSIN contained a pelB signal sequence for targeting of recombinant proteins to the bacterial periplasm and a C-terminal c-myc (Seq. ID. No 20) and his₆ tag (Seq ID. No. 21).

2. Bacterially expressed scFvs were purified by IMAC and characterized by immunoblot, ELISA and immunofluorescence microscopy.

3. Integrity of purified scFvs was verified by immunoblot.

4. Immunoblot confirmed that scFv PL2 (Seq. ID. No. 34) including cmyc (Seq. ID. No. 45) and his₆ tag (Seq. ID. No. 46) bound to a 36.5 kDA and a 25 kDA protein band in the secreted protein preparation from the fungal hyphae of a virulent Phoma lingam pathotype. ScFv SS2 (Seq. ID. No. 36) including cmyc (Seq. ID. No. 45) and his₆ tag (Seq. ID. No. 46) bound to a 45 kDA protein band in the secreted protein preparation from fungal hyphae of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. ScFv VD2 (Seq. ID. No. 30) including cmyc (Seq. ID. No. 45) and his₆ tag (Seq. ID. No. 46) bound to a 32.5 kDa, scFv VDM2 (Seq. ID. No. 33) including cmyc (Seq. ID. No. 45) and his₆ tag (Seq. ID. No. 46) to a 47.5 kDA protein band in the secreted protein preparation of fungal hyphae from Verticillium dahliae.

5. ELISA confirmed that the scFv VD2 (Seq. ID. No. 30) and scFv VDM2 (Seq. ID. No. 33) both including cmyc (Seq. ID. No. 45) and his₆ tag (Seq. ID. No. 46) bound to all four Verticillium dahliae fungal, antigens, fungal hyphae, fungal cell wall fragments, spores and secreted proteins from fungal hyphae. ScFv VDcw (Seq. ID. No. 31) including cmyc (Seq. ID. No. 45) and his₆ tag (Seq. ID. No. 46) bound to three of the Verticillium dahliae fungal antigens (fungal hyphae, fungal cell wall fragments and spores) and cross-reacts with Phoma lingam fungal hyphae and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum fungal hyphae and fungal cell wall fragments. ScFv VDM1 (Seq. ID. No. 32) including cmyc (Seq. ID. No. 45) and his₆ tag (Seq. ID. No. 46) only bound to Verticillium dahliae fungal hyphae. ScFv PL2 (Seq. ID. No. 34) and scFv PLp9 (Seq. ID. No. 35) both including cmyc (Seq. ID. No. 45) and his₆ tag (Seq. ID. No. 46) bound to secreted proteins from fungal hyphae of a virulent Phoma lingam pathotype. ScFv SS2 (Seq. ID. No. 36) including cmyc (Seq. ID. No. 45) and his₆ tag (Seq. ID. No. 46) bound to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum secreted proteins from fungal hyphae and intracellular proteins from fungal hyphae.

5. Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated binding of the scFv VD2 (Seq. ID. No. 30), scFv VDM1 (Seq. ID. No. 32), scFv VDM2 (Seq. ID. No. 33) and scFv VDcw (Seq. ID. No. 31) all including cmyc (Seq. ID. No. 45) and his₆ tag (Seq. ID. No. 46) to the surface of germ tubes and fungal hyphae from Verticillium dahliae. ScFv VDcw (Seq. ID. No. 31) including cmyc (Seq. ID. No. 45) and his₆ tag (Seq. ID. No. 46) bound to the surface of germ tubes and fungal hyphae from Phoma lingam. ScFv PL2 (Seq. ID. No. 34) and scFv PLp9 (Seq. ID. No. 35) both including cmyc (Seq. ID. No. 45) and his₆ tag (Seq. ID. No. 46) stained intracellular vesicles in the fungal hyphae of a virulent pathotype of Phoma lingam.

EXAMPLE 14

Characterization of scFvs Expressed in Planta

1. The scFv SS2 (Seq. ID. No. 11), scFv PL2 (Seq. ID. No. 9), scFv VD2 (Seq. ID. No. 5), scFv PLp9 (Seq. ID. No. 10), scFv VDcw (Seq. ID. No. 6), scFv VDM1 (Seq. ID. No. 7) and scFv VDM2 (Seq. ID. No. 8) cDNAs from the examples 10, 11 and 12 were cloned into the plant expression vector pTRAkc, a modified version of the pSS vector (Voss et al., 1995). The expression cassette in pTRAkc contained enhanced 35S promoter from Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV), the 5′ untranslated region from chalcone synthase, the plant codon-optimized original mouse LP signal sequence of the rAb24 light chain (Seq. ID. No. 18) (Vaquero et al., 1999), a C-terminal his₆ tag (Seq. ID. No. 21), a SEKDEL ER-retention signal and the CaMV termination sequence (FIG. 1). 2. Agrobacterium tumefaciens were transformed by N₂ transformation with all the constructs derived from step 1. Expression of scFvs in plant cells was demonstrated by transient transformation of tobacco leaves.

3. Integrity of in planta expressed scFvs was demonstrated by immunoblot.

4. ScFv VDM1 (Seq. ID. No. 32) and scFv PLp9 (Seq. ID. No. 35) both including his₆ tag (Seq. ID. No. 46) and SEKDEL sequence were purified by IMAC and characterised by ELISA.

5. ELISA confirmed that scFv VDM1 (Seq. ID. No. 32) including his₆ tag (Seq. ID. No. 46) and SEKDEL tag only bound to Verticillium dahliae fungal hyphae. ScFv PLp9 (Seq. ID. No. 35) including his₆ tag (Seq. ID. No. 46) and SEKDEL sequence bound to secreted proteins from fungal hyphae of a virulent Phoma lingam pathotype.

EXAMPLE 15

Construction of AFP and AFP-scFv Fusions

1. The sequences of antifungal peptides and proteins ACE, AG, MBP, RS and chitinase (Seq. ID. No. 17, 15, 16, 13 and 12) were amplified by PCR using specific primers containing restriction sites for subcloning and fusion to scFvs.

2. Antifungal peptides and proteins ACE, AG, MBP, RS and chitinase (Seq. ID. No. 17, 15, 16, 13 and 12) were fused to scFv SS2 (Seq. Id. No. 11), scFv PL2 (Seq. Id. No. 9), scFv VD2 (Seq. Id. No. 5), scFv PL2 (Seq. ID. No. 9), scFv PLp9 (Seq. ID. No. 10), scFv VDM1 (Seq. ID. No. 7), scFv VDM2 (Seq. ID. No. 8) and scFv VD cw (Seq. ID. No. 6) via a (Gly₄Ser)₂ linker (Seq. ID. No. 19) to generate 42 different (a combination of 7 scFv and 6 antifungal peptides and proteins) fusion constructs.

3. Antifungal peptides and proteins ACE, AG, MBP and RS (Seq. ID. No. 17, 15, 16, 13 and 12,) and fusion constructs chitinase-scFv VD2 (Seq. ID. No. 55), AG-scFv VD2 (Seq. ID. No. 56), RS-scFv VDcw (Seq. ID. No. 57), AG-scFv VDM1 (Seq. ID. No. 58), RS-scFv VDM2 (Seq. ID. No. 59), ACE-scFv PL2 (Seq. ID. No. 60) and MBP-scFv PLp9 (Seq. ID. No. 61) were used for plant transformation.

EXAMPLE 16

Transient Expression of AFP, AFP-scFv and Constructs in Tobacco Plants

1. cDNAs from the antifungal proteins and petides (Seq. ID. No. 17, 15, 16, 13 and 12) and all 42 different (a combination of 7 scFv and 6 antifungal peptides and proteins) AFP-scFv were integrated into the plant expression vector pSS (Voss et al., 1995). pSS contained the CaMV35S promoter, the chalcone synthase 5′ untranslated region, the plant codon-optimized LP signal sequence of the murine rAb24 light chain (Seq. ID. No. 18) (Vaquero et al., 1999) a C-terminal c-myc (Seq. ID. No. 20) and his₆ tag (Seq. ID. No. 21) and the pACaMV terminator.

2. Agrobacterium tumefaciens were transformed by N₂ transformation with all the constructs derived from step 1.

3. Expression of AFPs and AFP-scFv fusion proteins in plant cells was verified by transient transformation of tobacco leaves and their integrity and binding activity to the corresponding fungal antigens were demonstrated by immunoblot.

EXAMPLE 17

Transformation of Brassica napus, Regeneration and Characterisation of Transgenic Plants

1. cDNAs from antifungal peptides and proteins ACE, AG, MBP and RS (Seq. ID. No. 17, 15, 16, 13 and 12) and fusion constructs chitinase-scFv VD2 (Seq. ID. No. 55), AG-scFv VD2 (Seq. ID. No. 56), RS-scFv VDcw (Seq. ID. No. 57), AG-scFv VDM1 (Seq. ID. No. 58), RS-scFv VDM2 (Seq. ID. No. 59), ACE-scFv PL2 (Seq. ID. No. 60) and MBP-scFv PLp9 (Seq. ID. No. 61) were integrated into the plant expression vector pLHSS. pLHSS contained the CaMV35S promoter, the chalcone synthase 5′ untranslated region, the plant codon-optimized LP signal sequence of the murine rAb24 light chain (Seq. ID. No. 18) (Vaquero et al., 1999) a C-terminal c-myc (Seq. ID. No. 20) and his₆ tag (Seq. ID. No. 21) and the pACaMV terminator. This vector is based on the pLH9000 Vector (GenBank: AF458478).

2. Brassica napus were stable transformed by agrobacteria mediated transformation.

3. Stable transformed Brassica napus plants were regenerated.

4. Regenerated transgenic plants were analyzed by PCR to demonstrate integration of the transgene into the plant genome.

5. Accumulation of the recombinant proteins was demonstrated by immunoblot.

EXAMPLE 18

Resistance Tests of Transgenic Brassica napus Plants

1. The activity of the recombinant proteins in generating resistance against fungi was assayed by fungal infection bioassays on transgenic Brassica napus plants, generated in example 17, by using Phoma lingam.

2. Transgenic Brassica napus plants producing ACE, AG, RS, MBP (Seq. ID. No. 42, 40, 38, 41) or chitinase-scFv VD2 (Seq. ID. No. 66) including cmyc (Seq. ID. No. 45) and his₆ tag (Seq. ID. No. 46) were used for the bioassay. The results demonstrated that the AFP alone conferred resistance to Phoma lingam compared to non-transgenic Brassica napus plants. The AFP-scFv fusion conferred significant higher resistance to Phoma lingam compared to the AFP-transgenic and non-transgenic Brassica napus plants.

EXAMPLE 19

Transformation of Solanum tuberosum, Regeneration and Characterisation of Transgenic Plants

1. cDNAs from the antifungal protein chitinase (Seq. ID. No. 12) and fusion constructs chitinase-scFv VD2 (Seq. ID. No. 55), AG-scFv VDM1 (Seq. ID. No. 58), RS-scFv VDM2 (Seq. ID. No. 59), ACE-scFv PL2 (Seq. ID. No. 60) and MBP-scFv PLp9 (Seq. ID. No. 61) were integrated into the plant expression vector pSS (Voss et al., 1995). pSS contained the CaMV35S promoter, the chalcone synthase 5′ untranslated region, the plant codon-optimized LP signal sequence of the murine rAb24 light chain (Seq. ID. No. 18) (Vaquero et al. 1999) a C-terminal c-myc (Seq. ID. No. 20) and his₆ tag (Seq. ID. No. 20,) and the pACaMV terminator.

2. Solanum tuberosum was stable transformed by agrobacteria mediated transformation.

3. Stable transformed Solanum tuberosum plants were regenerated.

4. Regenerated transgenic plants were analyzed by PCR to demonstrate integration of the transgene into the plant genome.

REFERENCES

-   Benhamou, N. 1995. Immunocytochemistry of plant defense mechanisms     induced upon microbial attack. Microsc. Res. Tech. 31: 63-78. -   Desjandins A. E. and T. M. Hohn. 1997. Mycotoxins in Plant     Pathogenesis. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions. 10:147-152. -   Köhler, G., and C. Milstein. 1975. Continuous cultures of fused     cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature.     256:495-497. -   Le Gall, F., Bove, J. M., and Garnier, M. 1998. Engineering of a     single-chain variable-fragment (scFv) antibody specific for the     stolbur phytoplasma (Mollicute) and its expression in Escherichia     coli and tobacco plants. Appl Environ Micro. 64: 4566-4572. -   Mourgues, F., Brisset, M. N., and Chevreau, E. 1998. Strategies to     improve plant resistance to bacterial diseases through genetic     engineering. TIBTECH 16: 203-210. -   Schillberg, S., S. Zimmermann, K. Findlay and R. Fischer. 2000.     Plasma membrane display of anti-viral single chain Fv fragments     confers resistance to tobacco mosaic virus. Molecular Breeding.     6:317-326. -   Schillberg, S., S. Zimmermann, M.-Y. Zhang and R. Fischer. 2001.     Antibody-based resistance to plant pathogens. Transgenic Research.     10:1-12. -   Tavladoraki, P., E. Benvenuto, S. Trinca, D. DeMartinis, and P.     Galeffi. 1993. Transgenic plants expressing a functional scFv     antibody are protected from virus attack. Nature. 366:469-472. -   Turner, D. J., M. A. Ritter, and A. J. George. 1997. Importance of     the linker in expression of single-chain Fv antibody fragments:     optimisation of peptide sequence using phage display technology. J     Immunol Methods. 205:43-54. -   Voss, A., M. Niersbach, R. Hain, H. J. Hirsch, Y. C. Liao, F.     Kreuzaler, and R. Fischer. 1995. Reduced virus infectivity in N.     tabacum secreting a TMV-specific full size antibody. Mol. Breeding.     1:39-50. -   Vaquero, C., Sack, M., Chandler, J., Drossard, J., Schuster, F.,     Monecke, M., Schillberg, S., and Fischer, R. 1999. Transient     expression of a tumor-specific single-chain fragment and a chimeric     antibody in tobacco leaves. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 11128-33. -   Vaughan C K. and Sollazzo, M 2001. Of minibody, camel and     bacteriophage. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2001 4:417-30 -   Wattad, C., Kobiler, D., Dinoor, A., and Prusky, D. 1997. Pectate     lyase of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides attacking avocado     fruits—cDNA cloning and involvement in pathogenicity. Physiological     & Molecular Plant Pathology 50: 197-212. -   Yuan, R., Clynes, R., Oh, J., Ravetch, J. V., and     Scharff, M. D. 1998. Antibody-mediated modulation of Cryptococcus     neoformans infection is dependent on distinct Fc receptor functions     and IgG subclasses. J Exp Med 187: 641-648. -   Zimmermann, S., S. Schillberg, Y. C. Liao, and R. Fischer. 1998.     Intracellular expression of a TMV-specific single chain Fv fragment     leads to improved virus resistance in Nicotiana tabacum. Molecular     Breeding. 4:369-379. -   Zasloff, M. 2002. Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms.     Nature. 415: 389-395. 

1-51. (canceled)
 52. A fusion protein comprising a) an anti-fungal protein or peptide (AFP) and an antibody fragment, specifically recognising an epitope of an Ascomyceta, and b) a cellular targeting signal.
 53. The fusion protein according to claim 52, further comprising a tag.
 54. The fusion protein of claim 52, wherein the Ascomyceta is at least one of Fusarium ssp., Sclerotinia ssp., Phoma ssp. and Verticillium ssp.
 55. The fusion protein of claim 52, wherein the antibody or antibody fragment is a F(ab′)₂ fragment, a Fab fragment scFv, a bi-specific scFv, tri-specific scFv, a diabody, a single domain antibody (dAb), a minibody, or a molecular recognition unit (MRU).
 56. The fusion protein of claim 53, wherein the tag is at least one of c-myc, his₆, his₅, tag54, FLAG, HA, HSV-, T7, S, strep, and an E-tag.
 57. The fusion protein of claim 56, wherein the antibody fragment has at least one C-terminal tag, at least one N-terminal tag, or at least one each of a C-terminal tag and an N-terminal tag.
 58. The fusion protein of claim 52, wherein the AFP comprises a protein and/or an active peptide portion selected from the group of proteins consisting of chitinases, RS, lactoferricin, AG, MBP, ACE, glucanases, indolicidin, apidaecin, pyrrhocoricin, histatin 5, secondary metabolites and combinations thereof.
 59. The fusion protein of claim 52, wherein the cellular targeting signal is a sequence for secretion or location to cell compartments or organelles.
 60. The fusion protein of claim 52, isolated from plants, plant cells, plant organs or plant tissues.
 61. A fusion protein of claim 53, with the general order of (targeting sequence (Ts)—AFP—linker—antibody fragment—tag), wherein the antibody fragment is specific against Fusarium ssp.
 62. The fusion protein according to claim 61, wherein the Ts directs the fusion protein to the apoplast, the AFP is a chitinase, and the Fusarium-specific antibody fragment is scFv CWPD2 tagged with c-myc and/or his₆.
 63. The fusion protein according to claim 61 comprising Seq. ID. No.
 47. 64. The fusion protein according to claim 53, with the general order of (targeting sequence (Ts)—AFP—linker—antibody fragment—tag), wherein the antibody fragment is specific against Verticillium dahliae.
 65. The fusion protein according to claim 64, wherein the Ts directs the fusion protein to the apoplast, the AFP is a chitinase and the Verticillium dahliae-specific antibody fragment is scFv VD2 tagged with c-myc and/or his₆.
 66. The fusion protein according to claim 65, comprising the Seq. ID. No.
 48. 67. The fusion protein of according to claim 53, with the general order of (targeting sequence (Ts)—AFP—linker—antibody fragment—tag), wherein the antibody fragment is specific against Phoma lingam.
 68. The fusion protein according to claim 67, wherein the Ts directs the fusion protein to the apoplast, the AFP is a chitinase, and the Phoma lingam-specific antibody fragment is scFv PL2 tagged with c-myc and/or his₆.
 69. The fusion protein according to claim 68, comprising the Seq. ID. No.
 49. 70. The fusion protein according to claim 53, with the general order of (targeting sequence (Ts)—AFP—linker—antibody fragment—tag), wherein the antibody fragment is specific against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.
 71. The fusion protein according to claim 70, wherein the Ts directs the fusion protein to the apoplast, the AFP is a chitinase, and the Sclerotinia sclerotiorum-specific antibody fragment is scFv SS2 tagged with c-myc and/or his₆.
 72. The fusion protein according to claim 71, comprising the Seq. ID. No.
 50. 73. The fusion protein according to claim 53, wherein the antibody fragment is specific against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, wherein the targeting sequence (Ts), the AFP, and the antibody fragment arranged in any order relative to each other.
 74. A polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence coding for a fusion protein, the fusion protein comprising a) an anti-fungal protein or peptide (AFP) and an antibody fragment, specifically recognising an epitope of an Ascomyceta, and b) a cellular targeting signal.
 75. The polynucleotide of claim 74, further comprising a regulatory sequence for expression in a plant, plant organ, plant tissue, or plant cell.
 76. A vector comprising the polynucleotide of claim
 74. 77. An expression cassette comprising the polynucleotide of claim
 52. 78. The polynucleotide of claim 74, wherein the antibody fragment is a scFv encoded by any of Seq. ID. No. 1 to
 11. 79. The polynucleotide of claim 74, wherein the AFP is encoded by any of Seq. ID. No. 12 to
 17. 80. The polynucleotide of claim 79, wherein a scFv encoding sequence is linked to an AFP encoding sequence via Seq. ID. No. 19, and the scFv encoding sequence has the 5′ position with the AFP encoding portion in the 3′ position, or the AFP encoding portion has the 5′ position and the and scFv encoding sequence has the 3′ position.
 81. The polynucleotide according to claim 74, wherein the regulatory sequence is selected from the group consisting of constitutive, chimeric, tissue specific, inducible synthetic, and cryptic promoters.
 82. The polynucleotide according to claim 74, further comprising a tag, with the general order (targeting sequence (Ts)—AFP—linker—antibody fragment—tag), wherein the antibody fragment is specific against Fusarium.
 83. The polynucleotide of claim 82, wherein the Ts directs the fusion protein to the apoplast, the AFP is a chitinase, and the Fusarium-specific antibody fragment is scFv CWPD2 tagged with c-myc and/or his₆.
 84. The polynucleotide of claim 82, wherein the polynucleotide comprises Seq. ID. No.
 22. 85. The polynucleotide according to claim 74, further comprising a tag, with the general order of (targeting sequence (Ts)—AFP—linker—antibody fragment—tag), wherein the antibody fragment is specific against Verticillium dahliae.
 86. The polynucleotide of claim 85, wherein the Ts directs the fusion protein to the apoplast, the AFP is a chitinase, and the Verticillium dahliae-specific antibody fragment is scFv VD2 tagged with c-myc and/or his₆.
 87. The polynucleotide of claim 85, wherein the polynucleotide comprises Seq. ID. No.
 23. 88. The polynucleotide according to claim 74, further comprising a tag, with the general order of (targeting sequence (Ts)—AFP—linker—antibody fragment—tag), wherein the antibody fragment is specific against Phoma lingam.
 89. The polynucleotide of claim 88, wherein the Ts directs the fusion protein to the apoplast, the AFP is a chitinase, and the Phoma lingam-specific antibody fragment is scFv PL2 tagged with c-myc and/or his₆.
 90. The polynucleotide of claim 88, wherein the polynucleotide comprises Seq. ID. No.
 24. 91. The polynucleotide according to claim 74, further comprising a tag, with the general order of (targeting sequence (Ts)—AFP—linker—antibody fragment—tag), wherein the antibody fragment is specific against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.
 92. The polynucleotide of claim 91, wherein the Ts directs the fusion protein to the apoplast, the AFP is a chitinase, and the Sclerotinia sclerotiorum-specific antibody fragment is scFv SS2 tagged with c-myc and/or his₆.
 93. The polynucleotide of claims 91, wherein the polynucleotide comprises Seq. ID. No.
 25. 94. The polynucleotide according to claim 74, wherein the AFP, and the antibody fragment arranged in any order relative to each other.
 95. A composition comprising a purified preparation of a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence coding for a fusion protein, the fusion protein comprising a) an anti-fungal protein or peptide (AFP) and an antibody fragment, specifically recognising an epitope of an Ascomyceta, and b) a cellular targeting signal.
 96. A composition comprising a purified preparation of a fusion protein comprising a) an anti-fungal protein or peptide (AFP) and an antibody fragment, specifically recognising an epitope of an Ascomyceta, and b) a cellular targeting signal.
 97. A method for the production of Ascomyceta-resistant transgenic plants, plant cells, or plant tissues, the method comprising introducing a polynucleotide into a genome of a plant, plant cell, or plant tissue, with the polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence coding for a fusion protein, with the fusion protein comprising a) an anti-fungal protein or peptide (AFP) and an antibody fragment, specifically recognising an epitope of an Ascomyceta, and b) a cellular targeting signal.
 98. A method for the production of Ascomyceta-resistant transgenic plants, plant cells, or plant tissues, the method comprising the introduction of a fusion protein into a genome of a plant, plant cell, or plant tissue, the fusion protein comprising a) an anti-fungal protein or peptide (AFP) and an antibody fragment, specifically recognising an epitope of an Ascomyceta, and b) a cellular targeting signal.
 99. The method of claim 98, wherein the Ascomyceta is a Fusarium ssp., Sclerotinia ssp., Phoma ssp., Verticillium ssp., or a combination thereof.
 100. A transgenic plant cell comprising the fusion protein of claim
 52. 101. A transgenic plant tissue made by the method of claim
 98. 102. The transgenic plant tissue of claim 101, wherein the tissue is a harvestable part or a propagation material of a plant.
 103. A method of agriculture or horticulture comprising protecting a plant from the action of Ascomyceta using a fusion protein or a polynucleotide coding for the fusion protein, with the fusion protein comprising a) an anti-fungal protein or peptide (AFP) and an antibody fragment, specifically recognising an epitope of an Ascomyceta, and b) a cellular targeting signal.
 104. A kit comprising a fusion protein, a polynucleotide coding for the fusion protein, or a combination thereof, with the fusion protein comprising a) an anti-fungal protein or peptide (AFP) and an antibody fragment, specifically recognising an epitope of an Ascomyceta, and b) a cellular targeting signal.
 105. The kit according to claim 104, wherein the fusion protein comprises an antibody fragment fused to an enzyme allowing ELISA or immunoblot detection.
 106. The kit according to claim 105, wherein the enzyme is an alkaline phosphatase or a horse radish peroxidase. 